#2. How do electrode defects affects it's I-V properties?

Introduction:

Electrode defects can have a significant impact on the I-V properties (current-voltage characteristics) of an electrode. The specific effects of electrode defects on I-V properties depend on the type and severity of the defect. Some possible effects of electrode defects on I-V properties include:

1. Increased resistance: If the electrode has defects that increase its resistance, the I-V curve will show a decrease in current for a given voltage. This is because the current flow through the electrode is hindered by the increased resistance.
2. Non-ohmic behavior: In ideal conditions, the I-V curve of an electrode should be linear, following Ohm's Law. However, electrode defects can cause deviations from this linear behavior, resulting in non-ohmic I-V curves. For example, a defect may cause the electrode to exhibit rectifying behavior, meaning that the current flow is significantly higher in one direction than the other.
3. Shifted or distorted I-V curve: Depending on the type and location of the defect, the I-V curve may shift or become distorted. This can make it difficult to accurately measure or predict the electrode's performance.
4. Reduced stability: Electrode defects can also reduce the stability of the electrode, causing changes in its I-V properties over time. This can be especially problematic in applications where the electrode is frequently used or exposed to harsh conditions.

Overall, electrode defects can significantly impact an electrode's I-V properties, which can affect its performance in various applications. It is therefore important to carefully monitor and control for electrode defects in order to ensure optimal performance. An example of the electrode size-dependent elsewhere. A typical electrode size-dependent I-V behavior is shown in Figure 1. 

Figure1: Electrode size dependent-I-V response(example)

 Does a defective surface have a different vertical I-V response if the electrode is good?

Yes, a defective surface can have a different vertical I-V response compared to a non-defective surface, even if the electrode is good. This is because defects on the surface of a material can affect its electronic properties, such as its conductivity, charge transport, and carrier lifetime. These changes can lead to variations in the electrical response of the material, including its I-V properties.

For example, if a surface defect creates a local trap state that captures and traps charge carriers, it can reduce the measured current in the vertical I-V response. Alternatively, if the defect creates a non-uniform electric field that alters the local carrier mobility or density, it can result in changes to the slope or shape of the I-V curve.

In general, defects on the surface of a material can have complex and varied effects on its electrical response, and the specific nature of these effects will depend on the type and location of the defect, as well as the properties of the surrounding material and electrode. Therefore, it is important to carefully characterize and control for surface defects in order to accurately interpret and understand the electrical response of a material. find more help here.